Questions tagged [citations]
Citations are references to published or unpublished sources other than the work one is currently reading. This tag should be used when asking for proper formatting for citations or information about the ethics of citations.
328 questions
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Unsure how to go about referencing/paying homage to a thematically similar text
I'm currently on the fourth draft of my novel and am at the stage at last of getting to go sentence by sentence and approach things on quite a molecular level. My book is a sci-fi reimagining of the ...
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How to deal with footnotes in cited sections?
When citing a section from another work, and that cited section has a footnote, how would you go about including the footnote in your citation?
Should I turn the footnote of the cited section into a ...
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Is there a format for scholarly writing that allows you to cite "where did I find this citation?"
I know in many fields such as journalism there is usually a notion of "primary, secondary, tertiary sources" in that you can directly cite someone at an event, or cite a citation of them etc....
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APA parenthetical citation: is extra information in the parentheses okay?
I'm proofing a document that employs the APA citation style. It contains several citations of the form:
(Michaelson, 2000; cattle only)
This seems wrong to me, especially since the semi-colon is ...
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APA in-text citation: Citing multiple works from same first author, different multiple co-authors, and different years
For the APA 7th edition style, if I am citing multiple works led by the same first author, but have different multiple co-authors (two or more authors), and are published in different years, how ...
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Should I italicize brand names and song titles?
I'm doing the final edits to my book. I often refer to music and brand names of clothing worn to set the tone. My question is when mentioning a brand name or song and artist can I italicize the brand ...
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Citation format for tertiary source?
Say I want to cite Benjamin Disraeli's famous saying, "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics." There are no primary sources for this; quotations of this saying ...
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Can I convert a .txt list of references in IEEE format to Harvard format?
I have a long list of references (about 120 of them) in IEEE format. It's just a plain old .txt file. I would like to convert them all at once to Harvard style references. Is there a software or a ...
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Can I summarize and paraphrase someone's findings and cite their authors and make it for my references?
I was using other researchers' sources. I want to summarize, paraphrase, and cite the authors of that previous study. I was writing my research paper and I stumbled upon important information, but the ...
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Do I need paragraph numbers when citing a webpage?
I know that when you need to cite a specific paragraph of a webpage, you use the paragraph number instead of page numbers.
However, in what instances are paragraph numbers even necessary? Most ...
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How to cite a letter in an anthology using MLA?
Does anyone know the proper way to cite a private letter printed in an anthology when using MLA? For example, I need to cite the letters from Queen Victoria to her daughter, Princess Fredrick William. ...
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How to reference an ISO/IEC?
I'm doing some college work and I'm using ISO/IEC 27000 Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems — Overview and vocabulary.
In Word, I have set up the ...
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Can a narrative citation "Jones and colleagues (2019)..." be compliant with APA 7th standards?
I have been looking high and low and cannot find the answer to this question. I would prefer to replace the traditional Latin (et al.) with common English (and colleagues) in a narrative citation.
I ...
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If I use parenthetical references and the author's name is given right before it, do I need to repeat his/her name in parenthesis?
For clarity‘s sake I will share my whole phrase:
Such is the case of professor Cemal Kafadar (see 2007), professor Ergul (see 2012), historian Dariusz Kołodziejczyk (see Bang and Kołodziejczyk 2012, ...
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When you write a sentence using information from one source, and knowledge that you have, do you need to include where that information came from?
I am writing a historical paper about Operation Mincemeat for National History Day. I have never written anything in this format before, so I am confused. Also, citing sources incorrectly can get you ...
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What else should I do with this indirect source?
For a paper I am doing, I am relying on information from this paper. I can't access without paying, but I found this link containing a summary in the form of a fancy GUI slideshow and gives more ...
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Should I use the actual page number, or the PDF's page number in a parenthetical citation?
Let's say I have a PDF, and I want to cite something on page 2 of the PDF. Would I want to use the actual page number listed (page 724 apparently), or the page number of the PDF?
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Publisher of foreign-language citation - do I translate "Gobierno de" to "Government of"?
The publication is in English.
Gobierno de Perú. Ministerio de Agricultura. 2012. Plan estratégico sectorial multiannual 2012-2016. Lima.
or should that be:
Government of Peru. Ministry of ...
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Are quotes required with inline citation?
I am currently writing a paper with APA formatting and relied on inline citations when referencing work that isn't mine. However, the feedback I received on sections with inline citations revolved ...
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Is Wikimedia Commons a credible source for images?
I am writing a paper about Operation Mincemeat for National History Day (I know that I should ask my teacher, but it’s due tomorrow, and school has already ended).
On Wikimedia Commons, there is a ...
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When writing a footnote for a book that you’ve used separate pages from, should you include them together, or should you give them separate footnotes?
I am writing a historical paper about Operation Mincemeat for National History Day. While there is a rule book, it doesn’t clarify a lot of the little details.
Also, if you are supposed to include ...
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Abreviating "Emphasis mine" within author citations
I am using author citations along with a List of Abbreviations in order to cite the same works by the same author repeatedly throughout a book-length text. Often I add italics to point out specific ...
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Punctuation-Quote or Quote-Punctuation?
I'm writing a document using the Chicago Manual of Style. I don't have access to the full guide, only to what's provided on-line.
Now I wondering as to whether, in the main text itself, I should use ...
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Do I need to cite ChatGPT in published writing?
If I use ChatGPT to generate the initial prose for, say, a 2 paragraph introduction (where I modify and rephrase a little) do I need to cite it or somehow give credit?
This article implies "no&...
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Microsoft Word - Citation button greyed-out
I am doing a Practical Assessment Task for high school, and we have to use citations. I have a problem however, after page four, I am unable to use citations. The button is greyed-out. Any ideas?
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Correct usage/explanation of ibid in referencing
My girlfriend was advised to use Ibid in her assignment's citations to help reduce the word count (I pointed out that references are usually not part of the count, but regardless); but she couldn't ...
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Is there a standard style for writing chapter notes in a non-fiction book manuscript?
I am trying to find a standard style for writing chapter notes in a non-academic non-fiction book as per the image below. Is there an online resource where I can find an appropriate style guide for ...
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Correct order in footnote citation for revised edition and volume details
What comes first in a citation that must include revised edition and volume details? Looking for CMOS guidance on this but haven't found an example that corresponds to my specific case. I've written ...
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Looking for advice on citations and beginning a college essay
I'm not asking for any ideas about the content of the essay at all, I'm just looking for advice on citation/style. I haven't written an essay in years so I'm a little rusty.
Essay prompt:
Pick a ...
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How to cite an ancient manuscript, translated, in a volume of an edited collection (CMOS)?
I've run into a particular complication that I cannot find a detailed explanation for.
In general terms, I'm writing a paper in which I reference an ancient manuscript, but I'm using a translation of ...
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Can ibid. follow op. cit. instead of loc. cit. to convey "exactly as in the op. cit. above"?
It would seem that the more familiar ibid. could be used instead of the more intricate loc. cit. in such a case.
For example if we have:
11. Stern, op. cit., p. 58.
and the subsequent citation is to ...
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Can you legally write a book based on technical concepts that someone else’s coined?
Is there any issues with writing a book and publishing it that is based on topics and concepts that the technical industry previously coined? Several books have been written on the topics, I just ...
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How do you cite a Stack Overflow answer?
How do you cite a Stack Overflow answer? Let's say I want to copy and paste a code solution that someone provided for a question asked on Stack Overflow, how do you cite that in a programming textbook ...
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Citation reference numbers in parentheses or brackets - a case for this
Is there a particular case when footnote or endnote reference numbers are to be placed in brackets or parentheses? Is this done in block quotations to distinguish any reference numbers contained in ...
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Devising system for noting secondary sources in block quotation. New edition of previously published work
Working with a text that makes extensive use of a secondary source that will be given in block quotation and, of course, cited. The secondary source, however, contained many original source citations ...
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How do you find who are the lead authors if there's more than one?
https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.04472
How do you find who are the lead authors if there's more than one?
I was looking at the above paper, and I was trying to know who are the lead author so I can cite ...
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Citation in AP style journalism
I'm writing feature articles and trying to adhere to AP style, but I'm not sure how to attribute a source. I'm familiar with academic citation (APA, MLA), but have never done this in journalism.
What'...
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How to cite Terms of Use in APA 7?
I'm trying to find out how to cite the Terms of Use of an app (BeReal) - I found this answer to a similar question, but I wasn't sure if this was still accurate to APA 7. I apologize if this has been ...
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Is there a style convention for how to "format" a book title in plain text (no formatting)?
Typically book titles are ideally italicized or otherwise underlined. For example:
In his book Some Book Title, John Doe describes...
Is there any style convention for what to do if you are limited ...
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Citing the Same Source Multiple Times in a Book
I am currently writing a non-fiction book which I intend to self publish. Regarding the citations and references, I intend to list them at the end of the book as endnotes and have decided to organise ...
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How To Cite Francis Bacon's Of Simulation and Dissimulation Essay
I have to write a paper that defines the word "simulation". As part of my paper, for historical reasons I've decided to use a quote from Francis Bacon's Essay Of Simulation and Dissimulation....
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Use of Registered trademark
I'm writing a book on Windows and I need some guidelines.
On the cover of the book, as part of the subtitle, may I include Windows® in it?
Inside the book, do I have to use the ® every single little ...
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Consecutive sentence, same citation: Chicago date-author style
I am writing a paper in which I repeat a newspaper article citation.
"The New York Times article discusses the introduction of the AFB mainframe computer (Stevens, 1984). During an interview with ...
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Math textbook - Crediting sources and copyright protection of source materials
I want to write a simple textbook on standard high-school level algebra.
Most of what we know about the field, we have known it for centuries. So I'm fairly certain the majority, if not the entirety, ...
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What does "Add. Or. 742" mean in this citation referencing the India Office Library of the British Library?
In a book about the East India Company that has a list of illustrations, the source of one is listed as "The British Library, London Add. Or. 742." A footnote referencing this watercolor is ...
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How do I cite these sources?
https://documents.deathpenaltyinfo.org/Lucio-TCCA-Stay-Order-2022-04-25.pdf
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cf5pWQL27NQCiC-oDtyuXJi-RnSFl8Qz/view
I need these sources to be cited for a paper but I'm ...
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How do I provide an image reference in Chicago style?
In my writing, I have used several images which I have collected from different URLs. For example, I have used this image, which can be found in this online article.
How can I use this image in my ...
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What is the contemporary method of announcing large sections of existing publications?
I am building out an article published in 1896, wrapping a whole novel series around it. I will be switching back and forth between said article and my additions, with Article: Pt. 1, Novel dialogue, ...
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In the real world, what happens if I plagiarize or cite something incorrectly?
As a student, the consequence for plagiarism or citing a source incorrectly was usually a reduction in the final grade for the paper.
But, what are the consequences in the "real world"?
If I ...
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Citation throughout my book rather than at the end as a bibliography
My book is a health/ wellness/ diet book/ metabolic issues etc. Throughout my book which I am 3/4 of the way through I have added in the website links after a piece of evidence. I have used 95% of my ...
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