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I'm writing a story wherein a teenager X gets suddenly and involuntarily enlisted in an sci-fi army. I need to explain certain technology to the reader, and the army needs to explain certain information to X, like how their FTL communication device works, why they don't have AI combatants and the like.
How can I do it so that the reader does not have to vicariously sit through a lecture, and if that's unavoidable, how can I make it less boring?
There are a few things you can do:
In reality, a new apprentice is not given a big infodump either, because they would be unable to retain most of it.
Since this is an army, they will have regulations on which information to present, in what order, and how to verify it has been understood before letting the new enlist even near anything that is more complicated to operate than a light switch.
If an army ever needs to improvise or rely on any skills they have not previously taught, things have gone sideways quite a bit already and there will be an inquiry as soon as possible.
So, the character will be given information only piecewise, and according to the same plan that their instructor was taught under:
Details on how it works come a lot later than that. If the instructor deviates from that "safety first" order, that is already a moment of tension, and will be recognized as such by any character who understands that this is not how things are done.
Since your character is new to this environment, they can still break that mold and simply ask questions, but the answers will be short and try to move the conversation back to the task at hand.
Just to add to Jos and Simon's excellent answers.
Good knowledge of all the rules and systems is essential for you, the author, but it's often NOT necessary for either the character or the reader. The experience of a confusing and unfamiliar world can be very compelling in fiction --if the reader trusts that there are real answers to all the questions, and that the details aren't just being randomly generated.
To avoid that info-dump, only tell the reader what the character absolutely needs to know, and only at the point he needs it. If he's about to be tossed into battle, and it's vital he know his opponents aren't AI, then have someone tell him just before he gets pushed out of a plane, or whatever. The reader will be pulled in by the character's relatable experience of being forced to move forward without full info or understanding.
My favorite example of a book that conveys a tremendous amount of complex, rule-based exposition, without it feeling clumsy or dumpy, is Hardy's Master of the 5 Magics. The main character needs to master five complex and very different magic systems in a short period of time, in the face of intense opposition, in order to win a consequential war. The plot itself demands that the main character master a lot of the backstory, but nothing that isn't absolutely essential to his goals and his progress is shoehorned in.
Show, don't tell:
These are all good answers, so this is really just my take on the same theme.
If you are writing a sci fi story, I'm often surprised how many stock details outsiders don't get. Someone in the field will understand the difference between a light year and a parsec, and has a basic understanding of what a stunner or plasma gun does. So consider your target audience. If you're trying to get a sci fi audience, they know sci fi. cross-genre stuff may be harder.
Integrate anything you do feel the need to explain. DON'T INFODUMP. As long as a fact is covered before the critical point in the story, it's good. Sci fi/fantasy is more tolerant of separate sections explaining minute details than other genres i've seen, so if the technical stuff adds a lot to the story, split it out into a guide at the beginning or end (avoid it unless it really does add quality).
The character is frustrated at getting the comm working, so you can have someone angrily explain it to them while berating them. Or you can have the helpful person on the other end who will be a major character quietly explain to calm the panicked main character. Facets of the device that will affect the story need to be explained somewhere, but anything else can be ignored once the character has the obligatory moviesque training montage - they just know how to flip the knobs.
